The research try modified to own many years, gender, body-size index, educational top, liquor consumption, and you may geographical part

Characteristics of your own Studies Players

The characteristics of the 102,216 participants are shown in Table 1 , and in Tables S2 and S3 in the Supplementary Appendix. Mean sodium excretion was estimated to be 4.93±1.73 g, and mean potassium excretion was estimated to be 2.12±0.60 g, with higher excretion in men than in women (P<0.001 for sodium and potassium).

Models regarding Salt and you will Potassium Removal

Observed excretion from https://datingranking.net/pl/faceflow-recenzja/ a single smooth early morning pee specimen and you may estimated “usual” removal (immediately after changes to possess regression dilution bias) are provided. To own noticed removal, the latest indicate (±SD) salt excretion try 4.93±step 1.73 g every day; step 3.3% out of members had salt excretion off below 2.30 g on a daily basis, and 0.6% away from members got sodium removal away from lower than step 1.50 grams each day. Getting estimated usual removal, this new indicate sodium excretion is actually 4.90±1.17 grams a-day; 0.2% off members had sodium removal out-of less than dos.30 grams on a daily basis, and you will nothing got salt removal from lower than step one.50 grams daily.

Overall, 43.5% of the population had an estimated sodium excretion of more than 5 g per day, 45.9% between 3 and 5 g per day, and 10.6% less than 3 g per day (3.3% had an excretion <2.3 g per day, and 0.6% <1.5 g per day). After adjustment for regression dilution bias, 2.1% of participants had an estimated sodium excretion of less than 3 g per day, and only 0.2% had excretion of less than 2.3 g per day ( Figure 1A ). Overall, 7.9% of participants had an estimated potassium excretion of more than 3 g per day ( Figure 1B ).

Estimated sodium excretion was higher in rural areas than in urban areas (P<0.001), whereas estimated potassium excretion was higher in urban areas (P<0.001) (Tables S2 and S3 in the Supplementary Appendix). Per capita gross national income was inversely associated with estimated sodium excretion and positively associated with estimated potassium excretion (P<0.001 for trends). Mean estimated sodium excretion ranged from 3.78 g per day in Malaysia to 5.59 g per day in China. Mean estimated potassium excretion ranged from 1.70 g per day in South Asia (Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan) to 2.46 g per day in Canada and Europe (Poland and Sweden).

Urinary Sodium Excretion and Blood pressure

Changes in blood pressure levels are offered to have salt excretion from less than 3 g each day, excretion out-of 3 to 5 g every single day, and you can excretion in excess of 5 g just about every day. Persons with very reduced otherwise very high salt excretion are included on contour. When you look at the Asia, 218 persons which have excretion of lower than dos g per day was basically included in the group that have removal of dos.00 to help you dos.99 g on a daily basis, and you may 482 persons that have removal of greater than eleven grams for each go out was included in the classification which have excretion out of grams otherwise way more everyday. Far away, 235 persons having removal of 9.00 to nine.99 g every single day and 112 individuals with excretion away from ten grams or higher on a daily basis were within the class that have removal off 8.00 to 8.99 grams each and every day. We pubs suggest 95% count on periods.

After adjusting for covariates, we found a significant positive association between estimated sodium excretion and systolic blood pressure (P<0.001 for trend) and between estimated sodium excretion and diastolic blood pressure (P<0.001 for trend) ( Figure 2A and 2B ). For each 1-g increment in estimated sodium excretion, there was an increment of 1.46 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure (P<0.001) and an increment of 0.54 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure (P<0.001). After correcting for regression dilution bias and adjusting for covariates, we observed a steeper slope (a larger increment in blood pressure for a 1-g increment in estimated sodium excretion) for the association between estimated usual sodium excretion and blood pressure, with an increment of 2.11 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure per gram and an increment of 0.78 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure per gram (P<0.001 for both comparisons).